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For ADB members in Asia and the Pacific, stronger tax systems are now more important than ever-to boost revenues enabling recovery from the economic shocks of COVID-19, and to reinforce implementation of Sustainable Development Goals. Using comparative data up to the fiscal year 2020 and drawing from the International Survey on Revenue Administration (ISORA 2021), this sixth edition in our series analyzes the administrative setups and performance...
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The report's overarching conclusion is that CAREC has a unique and urgent opportunity to chart a course of proactive, systematic, and strategic engagement in supporting its member countries in reinforcing, modifying, and implementing existing national strategies on climate change mitigation and adaptation, and in developing a range of regional actions in response to the regional nature of many climate change impacts and solutions.
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This publication focuses on the state of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and education technology (EdTech) in Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Uzbekistan. The studies conducted from May 2020 to May 2021 include situation analysis reports on STEM education and EdTech for each country in the general education subsectors (primary and secondary). The publication covers discussions of the findings from the...
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The public-private partnership (PPP) market in Papua New Guinea is at a nascent stage having witnessed only six financially closed PPPs with an investment of $433 million, predominantly in the energy sector. The very few PPPs in the country stem from the lack of a robust PPP enabling framework, limited public sector capacities to design and manage PPPs, and constrained ability of the government to fund infrastructure development. Realizing the critical...
5) Manual for Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Transport Infrastructure in Central Asia With A
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This manual provides an overview of climate-driven stressors relevant to transport infrastructure in Central Asia and explores adaptation strategies. Over the next decades, the effects of climate change will likely exert considerable pressure on the transport infrastructure of Central Asia. In response, policymakers and the engineering community need to implement resilient yet sustainable designs and construction solutions. This resource provides...
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This publication examines the impact of digitalization on the financial stability of the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (ASEAN+3). The region is a global leader in digital financial services, and economic and financial links among ASEAN+3 markets are growing. The publication discusses the opportunities and risks of digitalization, explores how to manage financial...
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The Kyrgyz Republic has overcome some complex challenges to now have one of the most open economies in Central Asia. The country has improved its per capita income and living standards and is on the threshold of becoming a lower-middle-income economy. Looking ahead, the main challenge for the Kyrgyz Republic is to build on these successes to stimulate stronger, more broad-based economic growth. This book identifies the economic and governance reforms...
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The Indonesia—Malaysia—Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) comprises five priority economic corridors that are key geographic areas for subregional economic cooperation under the IMT-GT. This Malaysia country report draws on findings of a study that reviewed and assessed the five existing economic corridors as well as a proposed sixth economic corridor. The report provides data and analysis of the corridors from a national perspective, with a focus...
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Analyzing the role companies can play in tackling climate change, this book shows how they can set up effective environmental, social, and governance (ESG) frameworks and draft resilient strategies for sustainable activities and investment. It assesses the issue of climate justice, considers the impact of "greenwashing", and looks at ways investors can evaluate ESG considerations. It outlines the corporate and economic risks of climate change alongside...
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This publication presents an empirical assessment of Mongolia's system of decentralized governance and the extent to which it translates into the actual and practical working environment for subnational and local governments. It focuses on the roles of subnational and local governments in providing public services and promoting local economic development.
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This atlas provides spatial information about Maldives and thematic maps necessary for assessing future development investments in terms of climate risks and geophysical hazards. It is also intended to support the formulation of cobeneficial options for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management. The five-volume atlas is a major output of the project "Establishing a National Geospatial Database for Mainstreaming Climate Change...
12) Fair Shared City: Guidelines for Socially Inclusive and Gender-Responsive Residential Development
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Making cities more livable is one of the seven operational priorities under Strategy 2030 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). ADB is committed to supporting efforts in making cities safe, inclusive, and sustainable urban centers. Prepared in collaboration with Tbilisi City Hall, this publication aims to help build cities' capacity in enhancing social inclusion and gender-responsiveness in residential developments. It supports three Sustainable Development...
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This report presents the analysis of 2018 data on social protection measures in Asian Development Bank's 14 Pacific developing member countries. It uses the Asian Development Bank's Social Protection Indicator to assess the level of resources invested in social protection, extent of coverage, and benefit levels of social protection programs. Further data disaggregation provides the distribution of social protection expenditures in terms of poverty,...
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Digital transformation can positively impact economic growth, jobs creation, and social inclusion. As the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) region deals with the challenges posed by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, investing in national broadband infrastructure is more crucial than ever to enable connectivity and improve service delivery. Digitalization will allow CAREC member countries to develop robust solutions for...
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This publication by the Asian Development Bank's Office of Anticorruption and Integrity shares lessons from reviews of 10 education projects. It outlines how to identify and address control weaknesses that give rise to integrity risks in procurement, contract and asset management, and financial management. It aims to help stakeholders and those engaged in designing and implementing projects to learn from past vulnerabilities and establish processes...
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The economic and social impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been dramatic, and transport has played a central role in its spread. The transport sector has also enabled essential workers to get to work during the pandemic and will support the needs of the population throughout the different stages of recovery. This guidance note presents (i) the impacts of the pandemic on social and travel behaviors in Asia and the Pacific, and how the...
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These guidelines explain the ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework (AMBIF) and relate AMBIF Elements to the corresponding features of the professional Cambodian bond market. The guidelines highlight market characteristics that are significant for issuers and investors, and review the regulatory processes required for issuing different types of debt securities. The guidelines are an output of the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum and were developed...
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Technology-based startup enterprises are an increasingly important part of the business landscape in Asia and the Pacific. By applying innovative technologies to create new products and services, they can make a significant contribution to economic development while generating social and environmental benefits. However, to survive and then thrive, tech startups require an enabling ecosystem that includes supportive government policy, adequate access...
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This report outlines the opportunities for ADB and other multilateral development banks to help make financial markets in Asia and the Pacific more resilient to climate risk and support the transition to a low carbon economy. Explaining how ADB can play a catalytic role in greening the financial system, the report sets out policy options, assesses the bank's strategic operational priorities, and considers implementation challenges. Analyzing ways...
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This publication reviews recent developments in East Asian local currency bond markets along with the outlook, risks, and policy options. It covers the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; and the Republic of Korea.